A possum skull showing arrangement of teeth. Possums are messy eaters and the ground beneath a tree is often littered with partially eaten leaves. Juvenile females will establish territories close to the mothers territory, but juvenile males shift further away. Possums. They stay in the pouch for at least 120 days. What to Do When Your Cat Has Been Bitten by a Snake. %PDF-1.4 Clenched fist injuries are the most severe of human bite injuries. It is not spread from person to person. It is important to consider the role of prophylaxis in these patients. Here is what a possum bite could lead to: . Untreated bite wounds can cause an abscess and infection. "%NsBi.B.p&q7(tam Retrieved from http://www.1080facts.co.nz/, Pest Detective is an interactive field guide to help identify sign of pest animal species in New Zealand. If you find blood in your dog's mouth, it's likely that your dog has bitten a possum and that the blood isn't your dog's. Mostly, its line of defense when facing a threat includes growling, hissing, displaying its teeth, or even playing dead. Cats may require stitches and vet treatment for bites. They also compete with and prey on our native fauna. Runs from forest into grassland are most often made by possums but also by hares, and wallabies where these occur. Possum and youngster starting to eat the kiekie fruit (foreground). They are called pellets, can be found singly or in groups, and are usually about 15-30 mm long and 5-14 mm wide. Weka peck neat holes through the central whorl of the shell to access the meat. Not the footprints or tracks you were looking for? If you find a sick or injured possum contact the Wildcare Helpline on (08) 9474 9055 for information on registered wildlife rehabilitators and centres. Most mammalian bites are caused by dogs, cats or humans. Well, lets dive in a little deeper to find out more. Wound Marks: A possum will bite its prey in the breast, neck, and thigh areas. Possums can be controlled by spotlight (night) shooting, using live- or kill-traps baited with carrot or apple, bait stations (variety of toxic baits available) and, in larger areas, aerial sowing of baits. Possums have multiple scent glands including a red-brown gland on the chest between the front legs (sternal), near their bottoms and in the pouch region. Suitable enclosures include vet clinic cat or dog metal/plastic cages; small dog mesh carriers. Cat attack remains a significant danger to urban wildlife Measures are in place to minimise cat predation but they must go further. Keep track of medicines and access important health info any time and anywhere, especially in emergencies. The final teeth in the opossum's mouth are the molars. Worldwide, tularaemia can affect a wide range of animals including rabbits, hares, rodents and wildlife. Is it possible they were raccoon? Possums compete for nest sites with hole-nesting birds such as kiwi, parakeets and saddlebacks, and eat the eggs, nestlings and adults of native birds. Unpublished report, Auckland Regional Council, Auckland. The possum will try to get out of the dog's mouth before getting killed; this can end up with some scratches or bites. After completing the removal service, our professionals sanitize that place so that no odour should be left there. Skunks, feral cats, and domestic dogs are other possibilities . Males and females are similar in size; between 650 and 930 mm, including a tail of 250 to 405 mm. Surprisingly perhaps they also like the seeds inside rewarewa capsules. One disease in particular, that can be transferred through possum poop is Myeloencephalitis (EPM), this illness can negatively affect your cat's nervous system. A vaccine has been developed to stop possums from breeding so fast, and is being tested. Penicillin is the treatment of choice for infections with this organism. He'd . Early referral for surgical assessment of human bites to the hand may be required. Possums in the roof. Stoats often kill with a distinctive bite mark to the back of the head and prefer to drag their prey under cover. You can easily add a repellant, this sonic repellant on Amazon is well priced with good reviews. They prefer to den in holes above the ground like hollow tree branches or trunks, ceiling cavities of buildings, but can also den at or below ground level in holes or beneath vegetation and structures on the ground.. A possum can have several dens, and can change dens several times per night. Possum premolar bite-mark Differentiating between Possum and Rat bite-marks Most bite-mark identification problems will involve differentiation between possum and rat bite marks. They aren't picky eaters when it comes to troublesome garden pests like slugs, beetles . Possums threaten New Zealands ecology because they can increase to population densities where their browsing pressure can defoliate canopy and understorey vegetation. They are very placid creatures who tend to avoid fights and confrontations in all instances. A Cochrane review of antibiotic prophylaxis after mammalian bites has concluded that the risk of infection is reduced with antibiotic prophylaxis after human bite injuries.4 Appropriate prophylactic antimicrobial choices for human bite injuries include amoxycillin with clavulanate. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 14, 71-78. Possums spend most of their time in trees and may only spend 10-15 % of their time on the ground. They are more likely to just hiss, growl and bare its teeth when confronted, they dont usually bite. So, it is better to be safe, and view it as though a possum is dangerous to a dog or cat, or pet. However, possums come in grey and dark forms and there also are occasional albino animals. 20 years of helping Australians make better decisions about medicines, medical tests and other health technologies. Symptoms of tularaemia include fever, chills, fatigue, body aches, headache and nausea, which appear within two weeks of exposure to the bacteria. The symptoms and signs that show an animal bite may be infected include: the wound getting more painful. 1995; Thomas 1999; Blackwell et . Possums occur in a wide range of habitats from open country to deep in the forest, from rain forest to arid areas but tend to be rare at high altitudes (mountain tops). The wounds should be taken care of immediately to avoid infections. Loss of appetite. Human bite wounds account for 2-3% of bite presentations. The main breeding season is autumn but in some locations a second breeding season occurs in spring. bites of infected blood-feeding arthropods, such as tick and deer fly, drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked meat of an infected animal, contact of broken skin with natural water bodies, such as lakes or rivers, contaminated by infected animals. To avoid contamination. Thyroid disease: challenges in primary care. When confronted though, a possum uses the same defensive strategies to protect itself, that of hissing and baring its teeth or playing dead. Initial period of vague symptoms, lasting 2 to 10 days. Retrieved from http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=4871, Pest Control Education Trust. Possum fore and hind foot prints in sand. The fur on the feet can smudge the prints. The first technique is to bare its teeth and hiss or growl. Read our privacy policy. Subspecies T. v. vulpecula (South-eastern common brushtail possum and central brushtail possum) T. v. arnhemensis (Northern brushtail possum) T. v. eburacensis (Cape York brushtail possum) T. v. johnsoni (Coppery brushtail possum) T. v. fuliginosus (Tasmanian brushtail possum) T. v. hypoleucus (South-western brushtail possum or Koomal) . This information is not intended as a substitute for medical advice and should not be exclusively relied on to manage or diagnose a medical condition. The edges of the shell are pushed inwards. Individuals are territorial and use scented secretions to mark their territory. Animal bites and scratches, even minor ones, can sometimes lead to complications. (2001). If you develop symptoms or think you have been exposed, consult your GP as early as possible. A possum has six incisor teeth; four on the upper jaw and two on the lower one. 2. Results from some learning and discrimination tests rank opossums above dogs and more or less on a par with pigs in intelligence. Human bites transfer more bacteria than bites from other animals. Thrushes kill and eat only small snails, leaving shatter holes (a hole with breaks and shell fragments radiating out from it) through the outer whorl. Add dressing and replace it daily until the wound has healed, allowing to air occasionally. Three infections have been linked tobites/scratches from infected possums: two confirmed casesin Tasmania (one linked to a ringtail possum and the other to an unidentified species of possum) and a probable case in NSW (linked to a ringtail possum). Bite injuries account for 1% of emergency department visits. Insects can also damage leaves. Management of bite injuries. Possums are known to scavenge on deer and pig carcasses and are often caught in traps baited with rabbit meat to catch ferrets or stoats. Human bite injuries transfer a larger number of bacteria than dog or cat bites due to a greater density of normal oral flora. qyt)OV(elh*1a$jl&UF5v#8t ]]SlIm03\lI Signs that your cat is suffering from this illness . Opossums have 16 molars; eight on the top, eight on the bottom, and eight per side. North and South Island, Stewart Island, Chatham Island, Kawau Island, Ruapuke Island, Native Island and Bravo Island (in Paterson Inlet). Patients presenting with bite injuries can be separated into two distinct groups. After you've taken care of your bite wound, contact your doctor immediately. If you do find fore and hind foot prints then the hind foot will be placed just behind (or slightly overlapping) the forefoot on the same side (e.g. Bacterial infections from bite wounds are usually polymicrobial and are often mixtures of aerobes and anaerobes. The links below provide guidance on these variations. Anyone who comes into contact with the bacteria are at risk of infection. They have a pointed snout with pink nose and long dark whiskers and brown eyes. "If you have become unwell with these symptoms after recently touching a possum . They are commonly second to dog bites in terms of incidence. The tooth-marks of possums are also quite different to that of other species. NSW Health is urging people to avoid touching possums following the first probable case of the rare disease tularaemia in a NSW resident. On chewcards, possums will typically leave extensively crushed margins in which individual bite marks may or may not be evident. Finding a possum in your yard or home might seem like an alarming situation, but there really isnt much to worry about. The molars are known as 'tricuspids', because they each have three cusps, or tips, with a flat area called a 'basin' in the middle of the tooth. Remember, too, that egg remains might have been scavenged. We had a summer when two of our cats got possum . An opossum, when confronted with a threat, will often hiss or bare its teeth. Dangerous dogs. Are they safe around possums? Dust masks can reduce the risk of inhaling the bacteria. A key differentiator may be the presence or absence of feather and bone or eggshell 'pellets' produced by possums. The messy feeding sign can be confused with that of ship rat or other rodents, and mustelids like stoats. In order to maintain this site and keep providing valuable information and learning tools, rangerplanet.com has become a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. You will need 2 tablespoons chopped garlic and 1-litre hot water. Possum kill - feather pellets spat out by possums after feeding on birds. This infrequently diagnosed pathogen can produce meningitis, endocarditis and sepsis. They commonly present as a small wound over the metacarpophalangeal joint of the dominant hand as a result of the patient striking another person's teeth with a clenched fist. They commonly rub these glands on the bases of tree trunks, or mix the scent with urine or droppings, to mark territory. The Common Ringtail Possum is the size of a small cat and mainly grey with white fur on the tip of its lengthy prehensile tail, behind its eyes and on its belly. Infection can be acquired by: In Australia, contact with an infected ringtail possum (including bites and scratches) can transmit the disease. Many other species. swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits or groin. Please enable scripts and reload this page. They can use their natural defence mechanisms in a fight by using their claws and teeth to claw into skin, scratch and even bite your cat in a fight. both are left feet). However, they can kill a cat for food if they feel threatened or cornered. Rats, but they leave numerous small fragments and jagged edged shells. Rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should be administered as for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. Birds like kereru can also strip leaves from a tree and cause ragged edges. GPO Box 5480, Sydney NSW 2001 Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health CareLevel 5, 255 Elizabeth StreetSydney NSW 2000, We are always looking for ways to improve our website, Please help us to improve our services by answering the following question. Evidence that possums prey on and scavenge birds eggs, birds and mammals. Possums particularly love eating some plant species and can eat these species to death or totally strip the fruit crop, but this preference can be regional. Wash the bite well with soap and water. Possum trails (called pads or runs) are seen most often on the forest edge near pasture, made when possums come out from the forest at night to eat pasture species and crops. Kean R.I. (1967). Possum bite marks on a Waxtag. Aust Prescr 2006;29:6-8. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2006.005, Changes to COVID-19 oral antiviral PBS eligibility criteria, FAQs: use of COVID-19 oral antiviral agents in residential aged care, COVID-19 vaccination side effects: how to manage and when to report them, Chronic kidney disease: early detection and management, Mental health and young people: opportunities to empower and engage, Benzodiazepine dependence: reduce the risk, Mental health and young people: finding the path that works for you, Reducing your risk of benzodiazepine dependence, Administration of medicines to children: a practical guide, COVID-19 oral antiviral PBS eligibility criteria update November 2022, Vericiguat (Verquvo) for persistent chronic heart failure with LVEF < 45%, COVID-19 oral antiviral PBS eligibility criteria update September and November 2022, Chronic kidney disease: a focus on early detection and management Quality use of medicines briefing paper. Cat trapping program. If there are no trees, use a post. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'rangerplanet_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_16',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Early detection of any infection is helpful. 17 June 2020, Information for NSW Health immunisation providers, Your Room - Information about alcohol and other drugs, Preconception, maternity, and child and family health, Interpreting/translating and multicultural health services, Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Policy directives, guidelines and information bulletins, Government Information Public Access Act (GIPA), a skin ulcer at the site of the bite or skin exposure, and swelling of the nearby lymph glands (armpit or groin), irritation and swelling of the eye and swelling of the lymph glands in front of the ear, sore throat, mouth ulcers, tonsillitis and swelling of the lymph glands in the neck. Complete management of bite injuries should include consideration of tetanus immunisation. Scientists are scrambling to understand rising cases of Buruli ulcer in Australia - and of the role humans and possums play in spreading it. If you have become unwell with these symptoms after recently touching a possum, especially if you were bitten or scratched, it is important to seek medical treatment early, Ms Glasgow said. Usually only one young is born per litter, though twins do very occasionally occur. Other animal bites are less common in practice but the most frequently encountered are rat bites. _3]M\Z#]%C?gGq9T\>WtA' T>=hZ< *X6Um&}Ks9{*mbdp y-&g#?QWvx)%_U)jFn.=*6Eh1e |w5(Y0deT)~ kUq &PzK#j\\D\ You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Droppings (pellets) are long and cigar-shaped or slightly curved, like jellybeans, with slightly pointed ends. Adults weigh between 1. Broom J, Woods ML. The combined head and body length is between 35 and 55 . Once you contact your vet, try to keep the wound below heart . 0000001330 00000 n Asplenic patients are at particular risk for infection with Capnocytophaga canimorsus. The most important initial management of bat bite or scratches is immediate wound care with soap and water (20% soap is viracidal for rabies virus and presumably so for bat lyssavirus). Using their needle-sharp teeth, a cats bite will release a bacteria that acts as a poison in a possums bloodstream. However, when provoked, the possum can and will bite. It can be used on mobile devices.Hosted by Bionet.nz. A possum has the ability to fall to the ground and play dead in a highly convincing manner. Possum droppings, separate. Possums are still spreading into new areas. A single possum can eat more than 60 Powelliphanta per night! Retrieved from http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/page.aspx?threats_animal_pests_mammalian_pests_possums, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. It is difficult to confuse possum prints with anything else as they are usually much larger than those of other species of small mammal in New Zealand. The first group present early, 8-12 hours after a bite, because of concern about infection of the wound or disfigurement as a consequence of the injury. Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. Mount the wax tag and luminescent strip on the same nail 30 cm above the ground with the wax block facing the ground. In Australia, special care should be taken when handling sick or dead ringtail possums. If all species in an area are affected, rather than just the ones possums really like, then it may be a weather event. After the wound has dried, apply an antiseptic to the affected area. Take a handful of lure (e.g. Prophylaxis is usually continued for 5-7 days. However kereru bites have round tips. Other important differences between human bites and dog and cat bites are the presence of Eikenella corrodens, the absence of Pasteurella multocida, and a higher frequency of beta-lactamase-producing organisms and anaerobes. Possums like the rind on citrus fruit including lemons! Notornis, 40, 169-177. Human bites constitute 2-3% of animal bites received by humans. In spring when pine pollen cones are common the pellets can be bright yellow. They can depend on a number of factors, such as wind speed, or maneuvering while at speed. 56-81).Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. However, wax tags sometimes melted when set in open habitats, potentially obscuring possum bite marks. Vegetation damage: Ragged edges on leaves, often in tree tops. Here's what to do if you ever get bitten by a possum: Apply an antiseptic on the bite site and put a band aid on. For further information please call your local public health unit on 1300 066 055.. Possums are mostly solitary but make a range of noises at night when there are other possums around including screeches, grunts, growls, hisses and chatters (aggressive), zook-zook noises and squeaks with dependent juveniles, and males make shook-shook and clicking noises when courting a female. The cushion pads of the 2nd and 3rd digits are fused. The enclosure should be small enough to permit easy medication via restraint for the first two to three . Possums are reasonably smaller than opossums, which may grow up to 2.5 feet in length, from nose to tail. Possums are generally about the size of a domestic cat and the Brushtail Possum has a pointed face with a pink nose, long rounded ears and a bushy black tail. This disease affects cats as well, and can even be transferred to humans. People who are bitten by tick or deer flies, drink untreated water or hunt or skin animals in affected areas may be at risk. Ferrets can also mess up tracking paper but the cushion pads and toe pads are in quite a different arrangement to that of possums. Empirical antibiotic therapy for both prophylaxis and established infection in dog and cat bites should be directed against pasteurella, streptococci, staphylococci and anaerobes. In fact, far from biting, Possums are generally timid creatures that would go out of their way to avoid a confrontation. Diet can vary seasonally with invertebrates being common during certain times (depending on where and what habitat). But there isnt much need to fear. Eggshell and other material are sometimes chewed into a 'pellet' that is coughed up. This includes how to handle problems such as injured wildlife, nuisance dog barking and pests on your property. Travellers to affected countries should avoid contact with tick and deer flies by using insect repellent and wearing long sleeves and pants and socks, drinking only treated water and eating well cooked meat. Instead, contact the experts at your local licensed wildlife care group or local veterinarian, she said. If you do get bitten, follow the precautions. Human bite injuries transfer a larger number of bacteria than dog or cat bites due to a greater density of normal oral flora. They also like the flowers of kiekie, nikau (fleshy stem only), puriri, kohekohe, five-finger, kowhai, pohutukawa, rata, rewarewa, rose, pinecone and kahikatea flower-cones and many others. Behaviour and territorialism in Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia). NSW Health's Acting Director of Communicable Diseases, Ms Keira Glasgow, said that while the disease is highly contagious, most people fully recover with appropriate antibiotics. Rats, rabbits, hares, hedgehogs and kea can also crush chewcard margins. Possum fur is fluffy grey or dark brown on the head, back and tail and white or dirty yellow on the belly and there are several colour forms [link to fur]. (1988). increasing tenderness around the bite. Possum kill - kokako feather chews and regurgitated pellets. For further guidance, including numerous illustrated examples, see the Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research chewcard interpretation guide and other more technical identification guides. Opossums can still be harmful even if they can't harm and kill a cat. xbb*f`b``3 &0 X The largest of the possums, Brushtails can be identified by their silvery-grey colour, a band found across their nose, pointy ears and of course their bushy tail. 0 In Italy for example, the incidence of cat-related injuries is 18 per 100 000 population, while in the United States of America, there are an estimated 400 000 cat bites and 66 000 visits to hospital emergency departments every year. We hope this was helpful in teaching you about being aware of what possums can do and what to do if you do get bitten! . Patients with hand wounds should be referred early to hand surgeons to evaluate the need for exploration to prevent loss of function. xb```b``af`f`da@ V xAcB fAgfLPtY0CF{VvF Uqt4(dft Contact details for local wildlife care groups can be found on the NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment website and an app called IFAW Wildlife Rescue can be downloaded from the app store. Avoid using any soap that is fragrant or contains alcoholic ingredients. Possums also carry bovine tuberculosis (TB). Possum kill sign - regurgitated feather and bone pellets. Department of Conservation. Management should take into account the type of animal that has inflicted the bite, any patient risk factors for infection, local and systemic signs of infection, and the patient's vaccination status. inhalation of contaminated dusts or aerosols. They feed mainly on leaves but also eat buds, flowers, fruits, ferns, bark, fungi, insects, land snails, birds and their eggs, and scavenge carcasses. Contact your local DOC or Regional Council office for advice (see Next Steps). As a result, other potential animalsources in Australia are suspected but have not been clearly identified. (2005). Droppings: Crescent shaped pellets, in groups or single. And when such an encounter is followed by the possum baring all 50 of its teeth at you, it is normal to be concerned. Kiekie bracts and fruit discarded by possum. It is a large possum with a bushy tail and pointy ears. That said, it is unlikely that a possum bite might lead to rabies. Check out the signs of vegetation damage left by other species, including: fallow deer, red deer, rusa deer, sambar deer, sika deer, white-tailed deer, rabbit, Norway rat, ship rat, kiore, mouse, feral pig, and feral goat. In adults, they are more common in males than in . Densest populations occur in mixed hardwood forest and forest/pasture margins and can be as high as 25 per ha. Pain, itching, or numbness and tingling at the site of the wound. Hedgehog prints are smaller and quite circular in outline. But what are the risks? But always remember that they do have the ability to bite so always act with caution. The hind foot has an opposable thumb without a claw and the second and third digits are fused for most of their length except the tips. Larger mammals will likely swallow the fruit whole. People exposed to the bacteria through bites and scratches to their skin will also develop an ulcer at the wound. 0000000567 00000 n The forests ability to regenerate is reduced because fewer seeds are produced. The second group presents more than 12 hours after the injury. (2014). The organism may be grown in blood cultures. Once a possum suffers a bite from a cat it is highly unlikely that it will survive, regardless of the severity of the bite. Birds and nestlings often are only partially eaten, favoured areas being the head and chest, with wing and rear being less favoured. The causative organism in the rare cases reported in Australia is Streptobacillus moniliformis.5 In Asia the causative organism is Streptobacillus minor. Possums are a common nuisance for homeowners in the United States. If you have a greater Possum infestation, however, then you may need to contact your local pest control agents. Usually you see front paws only, which are impressions of four or five cushion pads plus four or five toe pads 1 to 1.5cm out in front. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'rangerplanet_com-box-4','ezslot_6',163,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-box-4-0');With a gray or black fur color and a characteristic pink nose, it is easy to mistake possums for very large rats. Some possums can fight back against the larger dog breeds. A possum's claws and teeth are sharper than a cat's, so a standoff could prove deadly. The probability of an infection is also low because possums seldom have harmful bacteria in their mouth like dogs and cats, due to their largely fruit and plant diet. The tail holds on to a branch until all feet are touching a solid surface. They're pretty chill. Footprints: Five-toed fore-feet, different hind-feet, claw marks. Possums are native to the Australian mainland, Tasmania and some other Australian islands. Unpublished report. To date there have been fourlocally acquired cases of tularaemia reportedin Australia. Unlike many species of ringtail possum, common ringtail possums are not solitary. Find out more about the antiviral medicines helping to treat COVID-19. Infections usually occur through handling of infected animals, bites of an infected ticks, consumption of contaminated food, or contact with contaminated water. The hair has a hollow structure which helps to store heat (it is the third warmest fur in the world) and is combined with merino wool to make a fibre that is used for making clothes. Use your results to track progress and make improvements. To mark their territories, possums release scent from glands on their chest onto tree branches. Impact of feral pigs and other predators on macro-invertebrates, D'Urville Island. These patients predominantly have a contaminated wound with no signs of infection. If in the unlikely event you are bitten by a possum, symptoms or complications can include. Possum damage to new spring foliage on Indian bead tree. Bark chews and scratches. Bite marks. . They have gray to black colored fur and a distinct pinkish nose. People could potentially be exposed as a result of bioterrorism. The principles of management of bite injuries include cleaning and debriding the wound (often requiring surgical consultation), consideration of prophylactic antibiotics, treatment of infectious complications when they develop and appropriate use of tetanus vaccination. Using insect repellent and wearing long sleeves, pants and . Each number in the dentition formula represents the number of teeth in both the left and right sides of the jaw, top over bottom. They are usually as big as a house cat and their weight ranges from 6 to 14 pounds. Because possums eat the same food that native birds rely on the food available for native fauna is reduced. If your dog or any other pet decides to interfere with the activity and freedom of a possum, and if the possum doesnt choose to play dead, it could bite back. Possums eat large native land snails like Wainuia, Powelliphanta and Placostylus, which include many rare species. Bad storms and salt-spray can cause leaves to fall off too. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'rangerplanet_com-leader-1','ezslot_15',166,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-leader-1-0');Of course, this is still not recommended, its a good idea to err on the side of caution instead.
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